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Summoned at Midnight: A Story of Race and the Last Military Executions at Fort Leavenworth
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Audible Audiobook
Listening Length: 8 hours and 32 minutes
Program Type: Audiobook
Version: Unabridged
Publisher: Beacon Press
Audible.com Release Date: February 5, 2019
Language: English, English
ASIN: B07MQWLHGW
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
This is a history of how the US Army created and ran its Death Row. The military had had stockades before 1955, and it certainly had sentenced and executed members of the U.S. military, but this was the first move to centralize military prisons at Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas, and to create a single facility for housing condemned prisoners and maintaining a gallows. It's a racial history, for while eight white and nine black prisoners dwelt there, only black prisoners, eight of them, would be executed, the last in 1961 -- the last time (to date) the military has carried out a death sentence.The book centers on the last prisoner, John Bennett. His crime was not murder, but the rape of a civilian girl in occupied Austria. The casual nature of his court-martial and the long, drawn-out nature of his time awaiting the hangman, is fully described. We learn much about Army justice in those years, and about life for African-Americans in a segregated and discrimination-ridden military. We learn much of the day-to-day routine on Ft. Leavenworth's death row, the lives of its inmates and staff, and the peculiar career of the Army hangman. We see how the appeals, pardons and executions proceed over those years, and it doesn't reflect well on Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy, who had to review the sentences and sign off, one way or another. It's worth bearing in mind, since the Uniform Code of Military Justice still carries capital crimes and a death row still exists at Ft. Leavenworth, albeit in a newer prison there. It's a grim but important story, and the author seems to have done good research in military archives in Washington and Kansas, and in two presidential libraries. Highly recommend for students of military law and racial injustice.
The US military justice system is often addressed dismissively (consider the old saw "military justice is to justice as military music is to music"). This is an unfair characterization of a system that is, in my opinion, not only equal to the civilian criminal justice system, but possibly superior to it.The events in this book generally spans the post Korean War through the early 1960s. The early years include some events driven by the immediate post-WWII occupation of Germany, the resulting presence of US occupation forces during the early reconstruction efforts. Truman's 1948 Executive Order ordering desegregation of the armed forces not withstanding (which is underappreciated for its influence on other equal opportunity efforts) the effects of this were evolutionary, not revolutionary.Richard Serrano provides a focused look at special cases in the 1950s military prisoner population at Leavenworth, the last remaining prisoners on death row there. Overall, his approach is fact and evidence based.This book is at its best when addressing the ground level events (both at Leavenworth and in the places where the events that led these men there took place). He journals a time when PTSD was not fully defined or understood, but which was clearly part of the fabric of WWII and Korean War veterans who fill its pages. I was surprised by the often kind behavior of guards towards their condemned charges.Serrano's view of the effectiveness of the military justice system is dimmer than mine, but I don't fault him for that. I expect that favorable treatment aligned with race was as prevalent in the non-military justice system at the time, and this was reflection of the overall times.In general, he depicts military matters with decent accuracy. There is some nuance missing, as in his description of a soldier who was awarded the National Defense Service Medal. Anybody who has served during specified periods since 1950 qualified for one the moment they entered service...so it's not exactly a resume builder.This is a minor nitpick about a book that provides a good examination of an important matter for anybody inside or outside of the military and which remains sadly relevant today.
Summoned at Midnight -- an exceedingly apt title for an agonizing and difficult book to read, and even more agonizing and difficult for Richard A. Serrano to write. The reader can only guess at the courage and perseverance Serrano summoned to locate and interview the persons whose personal memories and eyewitness accounts tell the stories of black and white soldiers condemned to death row at the Fort Leavenworth Disciplinary Barracks. In the long, painful history of black-white relations, Serrano is to be commended for bringing a bit of truth to the light of day.
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